Mental Disability And The Mentally Handicapped - 926 Words

If you meet a mentally handicapped person you may wonder what they are doing or why they look different, but I will tell you a few answers. Pivalizza and Lalani write that â€Å"Intellectual disability (ID) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in intellectual and adaptive functioning that present before 18 years of age [1]. ID is heterogeneous in etiology and encompasses a broad spectrum of functioning, disability, needs, and strengths.† Mentally handicapped people would fit in the intellectual disability category. There are so many parts of a mentally handicapped person’s life that I do not know about, so I want to know and I want to research about it. For example, What are the mentally handicapped, what are the mentally handicapped people experiencing, and why do we treat the mentally handicapped unequally? The mentally handicapped have many different problems they deal with, including a disability with the brain or an abnormal neurological development. Author Krucik writes, â€Å"There are four levels of ID: mild, moderate, severe, and profound.† Mentally handicapped people have an abnormal neurological development or a disability with their brain. When you meet a mentally handicapped person they might be at a certain level of mentally handicapped. If you meet a mildly mentally handicapped person they might be a little different, but you may not notice. They may look a little abnormal, although not noticeable from a far away distance. If you meet a profoundShow MoreRelatedThe Effect Of Coordination Exercise On Improving Some Locomotor And Physical Abilities And Ease Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder1611 Words   |  7 Pageslocomotor and physical abilities and ease attention deficit hyperactivity disorder within handicapped learnable children Dr. / Eslam Mohamed Mahmoud Salim(*) †¢ Abstract: This research aimed at identify the effect of coordination exercise on improving some locomotor and physical abilities and ease attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) within handicapped learnable children between (9 and 12) years, with mental age between (8 and 10) years, and IQ score between (55 and 75) marks. Experimental methodologyRead MorePhysically Challenged6701 Words   |  27 Pagesconsidered ‘handicapped’ or ‘physically challenged’ when he is not an ordinary person with all limbs. A disabled person is one who suffers from the loss or impairment of a limp or deformity in physical or mental capability whether due to natures foul play or an unexpected unfortunate accident. Disabled persons are of two types. (i) Physically handicapped (ii) Mentally ill. The condition of disability may arise by birth or in accident. Polio, blindness, deafness, dumbness and mental illness may occurRead MoreFlowers for Algernon (Persuasive) Essay1373 Words   |   6 Pagesnovel Flowers for Algernon, the author Daniel Keyes shows an in depth look at the treatment of individuals in todays society. Firstly society tends to discriminate against those whose IQ does not fit into the norms of our society. The physically handicapped in todays world are not considered to be equal as those who fit into the normal physical appearance, Keyes portrays this through Charlies thoughts while in the cafà ©. Although animals are not technically humans society treats them in ways whichRead MoreEssay on Flowers For Algernon by Daniel Keyes1347 Words   |  6 Pagesnovel Flowers for Algernon, the author Daniel Keyes shows an in depth look at the treatment of individuals in todays society. Firstly society tends to discriminate against those whose IQ does not fit into the norms of our society. The physically handicapped in todays world are not considered to be equal as those who fit into the normal physical appearance, Keyes portrays this through Charlies thoug hts while in the cafà ©. Although animals are not technically humans society treats them in ways whichRead MoreNazi s Persecution Of The Handicapped Essay1404 Words   |  6 Pages Nazi’s Persecution of the Handicapped Frank Cai History November 8th Holocaust is considered one of the worst man-caused disaster ever in the history of human life. Hundreds of millions of people died during the Holocaust. Even worse, the victim of the Holocaust is based on race. Why did Adolf Hitler pick on the Jews? Because when he wants to rise power, one of the most common ways is propaganda. He said that Jews are the ones that ruined their country. Many Jews were killed; they were alsoRead MoreLanguage Shapes Our Society s Communication And Thoughts932 Words   |  4 Pagessomeone else. Many of the people that are most forgotten about are those with disabilities, minor or severe. Since person first language has been defined, it has given a voice and boosted the self-esteem to many of those that society often forgets. Through time we have come to understand that â€Å"Person-First Language† is important for the equality and acceptance of people with disabilities. Throughout history, people with disabilities have always been victimized. The bible tells many tales of people who wereRead MoreHistory of Special Needs Ireland1142 Words   |  5 PagesMany schools and institutions were taken over by the state. This with an increased awareness of how special needs provision had fallen behind other countries resulted in a change in government policy and legislation. In 1947, St Vincent’s Home for Mentally Defective Children became recognised as an official school by the state. This school along with others like it reinforced the belief that children with special needs should not be educated with ‘normal’ children. At this time in Ireland, County ClinicsRead MorePrisoners with Special Needs917 Words   |  4 Pagesprisons that have different special needs. Some of these needs are based on whether the inmates are male or female. Males have some special needs to take care of their selves that females do not and vice versa. Then there are those who suffer from a mental illness. Their special needs are much different than those who have basic needs. People who suffer from substance abuse have needs in the area of addiction. All these different kinds of people with diverse needs effect the jails and prisons in variousRead MoreSentencing Case Of Atkins V. Virginia Essay1798 Words   |  8 Pagesintellectually disabled is unconstit utional within the eighth amendment that protects against cruel and unusual punishment. When it comes to mental retardation it can have effects on the punishment and corrections system due to the level of their mental competence and how well a defendant who does have disabilities can understand the law. To better understand how mental retardation within the punishment and corrections system can influence the way they work the following should be examined and analyzedRead MoreThe Disabled With Disabilities Act1541 Words   |  7 PagesJust like any other minority, the disabled have been discriminated throughout history. Disabilities can be composed of physical or mental handicaps and discrimination has always occurred for both. It has historically been difficult for the disabled to not only find employment, but also to keep acceptable employment. These individuals also have had trouble being treated properly on the job. Transportation has also been an issue because many of the d isabled cannot move or get around as easily as

Analysis Of Solomon Northup s The First Act Of Kindness

Solomon Northup was a free black man living in New York with his wife and children when he was lured south, kidnapped, and sold into slavery. His memoir was written shortly after escaping and tells the story of his kidnapping, violent treatment as a slave in Louisiana and his escape due to the help of an abolitionist carpenter. Northup labored for twelve years under many different masters. Some are spoken of with emotions of gratitude and others in pure hate and bitterness; which shows the argument of the book is that â€Å"there are men of humanity as well as of cruelty† (preface xix). Solomon Northup was approached by â€Å"two gentlemen of respectable appearance† near the end of March, 1841 (p 10). After being introduced by an acquaintance the gentlemen inquired about Solomon’s violin skills and proposed a business opportunity in Washington. This is when the two men made the transaction to have Solomon kidnapped and chained after getting him intoxicated. This is the first act of cruelness seen in the novel. The first act of kindness Solomon experiences as a slave is thanks to his first master, William Ford. Solomon recalls, â€Å"there never was a more kind, noble, candid, Christian man than William Ford† (p 53). Solomon is treated kindly by both William Ford’s wife and his slaves. On Sundays, Master Ford holds a church service for his slaves. In gratitude for Ford’s kindness, Solomon devises a way to transport lumber via waterway instead of land, saving the master money. Solomon now

Relient K The Bird and the Bee Sides free essay sample

The Bird and the Bee Sides, released in July 2008, is Relient K’s latest EP (it’s technically a double EP) containing a total of 26 songs. It’s a personal favorite, but you be the judge. Here’s the some highlights from this great album: Track 1: â€Å"Where Do I Go From Here†: The track starts off with about 10 seconds of banjo and acoustic guitar but quickly moves into drums and electric guitar. An upbeat song, the song’s music and lyrics make it something to consider putting on your next road trip mix. Great lyric: â€Å"Needing to know I’m not alone even though I can’t feel a thing†. Track 2: â€Å"The Scene and Herd†: This song has more of an edge than the previous, and as lyrics that aren’t necessarily as straight-forward, but give the general message of not wanting to take a certain path in life. Great lyric: â€Å"The scene and herd block out the sun like a flock of birds†. We will write a custom essay sample on Relient K: The Bird and the Bee Sides or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Track 3: â€Å"At Least We Made It This Far†: The most popular song on the album (based off iTunes charts), it’s a great, positive but sad, acoustic song. One of my favorites. Great lyric: â€Å"You have given me a heart attack you’ll never know what it’s like to face the fact you might let go†. Track 5: â€Å"The Lining is Silver†: I love, love, love, this song. It’s so positive and gives me a great feeling. I have no idea what the verses are supposed to mean, but the chorus is amazing. Sometimes, this is just what you need to hear. Great lyric: â€Å"Isn’t it nice to know that the lining is silver? Isn’t it nice to know that we’re golden?† Track 6: â€Å"There Was No Thief†: If this song sounds familiar, it’s because you’ve heard it on Relient K’s previous Apathetic EP. It’s still its own song, though, with different opening lyrics and a different feel to it. Such a sad, but heartfelt, song. Great lyric: â€Å"For a time I thought there was a thief among us. I though I’d track him down but prior to my pursuit, the smoke had cleared and to my disbelief, there was no thief ‘cause it was me that lost you†. Track 8: â€Å"Curl Up and Die†: As the title suggests, it’s a sad song. Nevertheless, it’s a wonderful song about heartbreak and wronging the ones you love. Great song: â€Å"I feel fine, but I know the same does not apply to you. I know the same does not apply to you, so I guess that I’ll curl up and die, too†. Track 10: â€Å"There Was Another Time in My Life†: Yet another slow song, it still manages a certain air of cheerfulness. Great lyric: â€Å"I have emerged unscathed because I know you†. Track 14: â€Å"Up and Up (Acoustic)†: This is a great acoustic version of the song you’ve come to know and love from Relient K’s Five Score and Seven Years Ago album . Great lyric: I’m just trying to be a better version of me for you†. Track 22: â€Å"Who I Am Hates Who I’ve Been (Acoustic)†: Another great acoustic version of a great song. The song feels so much more personal this time around. Great lyric: â€Å"I was confident that unless I got myself together I would watch me fall apart†. Track 26: â€Å"Hope for Every Fallen Man (Acoustic)†: I admit that I haven’t heard the original version of this song, but the acoustic is amazing. The lyrics are so real and the accompanying music is fabulous. A great tale of hurt and forgiveness. Great lyric: â€Å"As you push it up from the soil I will shake your filthy hand. You may be dead to me but that don’t mean we can’t be friends†.

Media Issues and Their Impact on the Audience

Mass communication involves the transfer of information to a large number of people through various types of media such as internet, television, and newspapers. The concept of mass communication is based on the idea of information exchange from one person to another. The media greatly influences the way people undertake their day to day commitments (Baran and Davis 35).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Media Issues and Their Impact on the Audience specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The relationship between the media and the audience seems to be influenced by the changes that occur in the former. The emergence of digital media is the main change that appears to shift the balance between the media and the audience (Dewdney and Ride 253). It is evident that the media serves a crucial role in the society and the changes that occur in it have a great impact on the audience. The mass media, in particular, is seen as a gro up of media organizations. The media organizations are known for their ability to send mediated information through various channels, mainly television and radio. The information sent through mass communication is organized according to the mass media industries such as books and newspapers. The information sent through mass communication also must conform to subsidiary industries that carry out public relations and advertisement practices. This is one of the facts that affect the balance of the power, which resides in the relationship between the media and the audience (Baran and Davis 262). The mass media platforms also affect the society through many ways. Their limited number and vastness of the available mass media imply that just a few individuals can make decisions on the kind of content that is transmitted through mainstream media. Since the information is meant for a large population, it should not be regulated by just a handful of people. In addition, the fact that the inf ormation is produced in a large-scale implies that such information can have mass persuasion on its audience. Although mass production and mass persuasion can be used by a company to control market trends such as competition in a particular industry, it is used by a few organizations to create monopolies in certain sectors (Chaffee and Metzger 366). The vulnerability of the audience is considered one of the main issues that result from the inability to regulate media institutions effectively. The problem seems to be worsened by the emergence of industrialization. The audiences, especially those of the mass media, do not have the power to resist the kind of information that is dispensed by media messages.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The audiences of mass media are considered dependent and powerless. It is believed that mass media is likely to continue exploiting the aud iences since they do not have an alternative source where they can obtain the information they need (Chaffee and Metzger 366). Mass communication also influences the audience through obtrusion. Mass media, such as television and radio, are unprecedented and conspicuous. This problem emanates from the pervasive effect of broadcast media. The fact that broadcast media reaches audiences right in their homes makes it difficult for them to control the consequences it has on them. The content shown through mass media, especially the one that consists of violent and obscene scenes significantly affects the morality and safety of the audiences (Chaffee and Metzger 367). The end of mass media instigated the emergence of a number of new developments in the field. One of these new developments is the digital media, which has brought a lot of changes in the field of communication. The changes brought by digital media assist the audiences to free themselves from the entanglement that the mass me dia has brought them (Baran and Davis 361). One of the main changes that have been brought by digital media is faster speed in sending information from one point to another. Before the emergence of digital media, companies mostly passed their information to the intended audience through print media, which took a lot of time to get delivered. Currently, companies can disseminate the information they deem important and urgent through social media, emails, internet ads, or their websites, which are extremely faster compared to print media (Dewdney and Ride 255). The use of digital media also assists the audience to have full control over what they do with it. Digital media provides audiences with numerous options from which they can choose from. Unlike in the past when audiences could only use one form of media at a go, they can now effectively create and use a combination of several forms including interactive, visual and audio platforms. Such a combination helps the audiences to use the media in a way that is beneficial to them (Dewdney and Ride 256). The issues that are seen in the media, especially in the digital type, as addressed in Chaffee’s and Metzger’s article can be compared to what was outlined in the story of the Obama Hope campaign poster.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Media Issues and Their Impact on the Audience specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Both the story of the poster and the one narrated in Chaffee and Metzger magazine article reinforce the fact that digital media, which marks the end of mass media, brings about the use of new and effective technology to create and promote communication. The new technology can be used to create media that in turn can be useful in expanding businesses as well as the economy (Chaffee and Metzger 372). Works Cited Baran, Stanley J., and Dennis K. Davis. Mass Communication Theory: Foundations, Ferment, and Future. 6th ed. Bel mont, CA: Wadsworth Pub., 1995. Print Chaffee, Steven H., and Miriam J. Metzger. â€Å"The End of Mass Communication?† Mass Communication Society 4.4 (2004): 365-379. Print. Dewdney, Andrew, and Peter Ride. The New Media Handbook. New York, NY: Routledge, 2006. Print. This essay on Media Issues and Their Impact on the Audience was written and submitted by user Joey Bray to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

buy custom Quality Education should be Made Affordable and Compulsory essay

buy custom Quality Education should be Made Affordable and Compulsory essay Prescriptive Argument: Good education in the USA is way too expensive for the majority middle class to afford. Majority of children from middle and low class income earning familys are left with no option but to attend the cheap or free public schools which offer low quality standard education. Good education should be made affordable and not just available but compulsory for all. Any child born has a right not just to education, but to quality education. According to Ashlock (1996), it appears that some familys still dont realize the importance of good education and therefore, quality basic education should not only be made affordable and available but also compulsory. Descriptive Argument: As described under the millennium goals, education is a basic requirement for any person in the world. Besides general education, statistics show that the quality of education an individual gets is highly influential to that persons future. Good education requires resources and facilities that are expensive to purchase and maintain. Therefore, good education tends to be expensive and unreachable to the common man (Ficksman, 2010). This has had an effect of creating a cycle of poor education among the majority in society. Only a few individuals manage to break through from the cycle and become wealthy. In order to break such cycle and provide equal opportunity for all kids, the government needs to facilitate for the availability and affordability of quality education (Johnson 2008). Given that some families among the middle class and poor may not understand the importance of good education, the government needs to make good education not only affordable and avail able, but also compulsory. This shall help in diversifying opportunities and reducing the wealthy and the middle class gap that exists today. Indeed, access to good or quality education is what governments need to consider if they are o sustainably solve other challenges in society. Buy custom Quality Education should be Made Affordable and Compulsory essay

Why Writing MBA Essays So Important

Why Writing MBA Essays So Important Those who want to get to a prestigious business school have to overcome more and more challenges every year. You need to have impressive marks and skills to continue your education in Wharton, Stanford, or Harvard. You need good recommendations, high GMAT and GPA scores, and a brilliant essay. Many students get surprised by how important MBA essays are for their academic future. Indeed, without this detail, all the high scores don’t guarantee that you’ll gain entrance to one of these schools and to many others. What Makes MBA Essays So Important Your essay is the most personal thing about you. There are thousands of applicants, and each one of them has some test scores that they may be proud of. All these scores are just numbers, in fact, there are many people with the same numbers as you. In such a situation, you need something that will make you stand out. You need to tell your story and introduce yourself so that others will see you as a person. The best MBA Essay Writing Service Now that you understand that MBA essays are really important for the future of your education, what should you do if you’re not sure you can write a great essay? The answer is simple. All you need to do is contact us, and we will provide you with high-quality MBA assistance. If you have already prepared some drafts, you can share them with our writers, and they will turn them into a masterpiece. You can also contact your writer directly, monitoring the writing process and being sure that the final result will meet all necessary requirements. Custom Essays Our essays are original. Our customers know that their papers will be written from scratch, and we value their trust. This is how we work: Once you’ve got a topic, contact us and describe all details that are important for you to make your essays as personal as possible. Contact your writer during the writing process and tell him or her about any changes that you’d like to make. Get your essay, review it, and tell what you’d like to change or add. Submit your paper to a school of your choice and impress them with your brilliant essay! Essay Editing You can contact our writers and show them your own drafts. We have many experienced editors who will polish your essay and make it outstanding. Focusing. Sometimes students forget about the initial question of their essay. In this case, our editors will fix this problem and make sure your essay is focused on the main topic. Proofreading. We will check your grammatical and spelling errors as well as the structure of your sentences and punctuation, to make your essay perfect. Contouring. Our editors will improve the flow of your story, making soft logical transitions between your ideas and making your essay pleasurable to read.

Tesco Case Study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Tesco Assignment - Case Study Example In this regard, frameworks of strategic management like, PESTLE, Porter’s competitive forces and value chain analysis, has been employed. The first part of the report discusses macro environmental issues, which affects the U.K. food retail industry. This is followed by analysis of Porter’s competitive forces to evaluate parameters that affect competitiveness of the business. The section of the report containing the internal strategic analysis deals with financial appraisal, resource appraisal and value chain analysis. The penultimate section of the report comprises ethical practices that have been adopted by the Tesco. The last section presents the recommendations that can be adopted by Tesco so as to overcome current issues that are being faced by the company and maintain its position as the market leader. The findings from the report indicate that weak economic conditions in Europe can dampen future growth of the business. The first recommendation for the company is to introduce lower costs and discounts in the future in order to retain market share. The changing pattern of food consumption in U.K. and rising popularity of organic food will be essential determining factors for growth of the food retail industry. So, the second recommendation focuses on increasing availability of cheap organic food. The analysis from the report has shown that sale in U.K. has dropped for Tesco. This paper suggests that increasing promotional measures can raise the sales. Owing to increasing concern of the government regarding environmental issues, this paper recommends that further sustainability can be attained by adopting energy saving practices. Finally, the analysis has also revealed that dialogue with the customers have weakened, which is hindering business growth. The final recommendation of the report is that engagement with the customers must be strengthened in way of modifying existing practices or adopting new ones. In any modern industry,

Global Warming. Who is responsible Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Global Warming. Who is responsible - Essay Example And the major part of the warming that has been reported this century took place from 1900-1940. Ironically, the release of greenhouse gases was less during this period of the century when compared to the second half. In reality, the rise in temperatures over the recent years has been relatively higher when compared with the increase in greenhouse gases.1 Over the last few years, the issue of global warming has gained widespread media coverage. It has been the subject of many TV debates and now has a central role in the ongoing U.S. presidential elections campaigns. Many TV programs depict polar bears stranded as huge chunks of ice continue to melt into the polar waters. This has even been the subject of advertisement for many cruise lines that lure customers by promising them to enroll on a trip to witness the effects of global warming as it melts down polar ice that has been there for more than two million of years.2 According to a document released by the United Nations' International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), "Global atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide [generated by fossil fuel consumption], methane and nitrous oxide [due to agriculture] have increased markedly as a result of human activities since 1750 and now far exceed pre-industrial values determined from ice cores spanning many thousands of years."3 However, the document is also optimistic and states that global warming can be curbed if effective measures are put in place to cut down global carbon emissions. That's because slowing down human activity, which according to the panel is the major cause of climate, can be the first step towards overturning the current situation. Global warming is a genuinely dynamic problem today's world. The current level of excess concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is as a result pass human activities. In the same light, the fossil fuels we burn today and related activities will affect future generations. That's because carbon gases emitted today will settle in the atmosphere and leave a negative effect on our planet when we are all gone. As a result, we have to take into account the welfare of our grandchildren each time we make a decision that can affect the environment.4 There is need for us to consider alternative sources of energy, and that's because fossil fuels have two major drawbacks. In addition to pollution, fossil fuels have become expensive.5 More recently, the issue of global warming has been gaining grounds even in religious spheres. More and more people of faith are now adopting global warming as one of their religious concerns. "As with concern regarding the nature and reality of the Holy, as with concern about one's relation to divine things, to God, to the sacred, as with concern for what may be one's ultimate purposes in life, global warming puts radically reorienting questions to life. Global warming puts life itself into question--not only our own individual lives, or the lifeline of our species, but all of life and its future possibilities. Global warming evokes the fragility of life and its mysterious contingency and begs caring response on our part."6 Another reason why global warming should attract religious concern is that most religions have some common principles that guide their teaching. These include having concern for the vulnerable as well as appreciation for the majestic works of God. "Global warming, by

Library Ict Essay Example for Free

Library Ict Essay Introduction Rapid developments in information and communication technologies (ICT) and their wide application in all aspects of life have led to dramatic changes. These changes are so revolutionary that is not realistic to expect stability in their wake 1 . Information technology (IT) entered into libraries, especially academic and research libraries, during the 1960s. Libraries employed IT to speed up their daily activities and reduce their operating costs. Many repetitive activities were upgraded using IT 2 . IT allows integration of library activities and increases efficiency and enables users to have remote access to information and around the clock access. New technologies provide unlimited information from different sources and facilitate reformatting data from different sources 3. Definition Ebijuwa and ToAnyakoha (2005) 4-5 define ICT as tools and as well as means used for collection, capture, process, storage, transmission and dissemination of information†. The American Library Association (1983) 5 defines IT as the application of computers and other technologies to the acquisition, organization,storage, retrieval and dissemination of information. The computers are used to process and store data, while telecommunications technology provides information communication tools, which make it possible for users to access databases and link them other computer networks at different locations. IT and ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) are used somewhat interchangeably. Objectives of the Study The major objectives of this study are 1. To identify the ICT infrastructure facilities available in the university libraries. 2. To identify the ICT based software implemented in the university libraries. 3. To find out the various types of electronic resources available in the university libraries. Methodology The study is based on the primary data collected from the government university libraries and deemed university libraries given in table 1. Table 1. List of University Libraries S. No Name of the University 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Anna University,Chennai University of Madras, Chennai The Tamil Nadu. Dr. Ambedkar Law University,Chennai Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R Medical University,Chennai M. G. R . Educational and Research Institute, Chennai SRM University,Kattankulathur Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences,Chennai B. S. Abdur Rahman University,Chennai Bharath University,Chennai Sri Ramachandra University,Chennai Deemed universities Type of university Government Universities 8. 9. 10. A structured questionnaire was designed to obtain data. The questionnaire was divided into four sections: Hardware, Software, Technologies, and Electronic Resources. Sixteen questionnaires were distributed among university librarians, of which 10 university librarians were responded (62.5%). Review of Literature Walmiki and Ramakrishnegowda (2009) 7 studied ICT infrastructures in university libraries of Karnataka and found that most of the libraries were uâ€Å"lack sufficient hardware, software facilities and do not have adequate internet nodes and bandwidth†. The campus LANs were not fully extended to exploit the benefits of digital information environment. Ahmad and Fatima (2009) 8 found that researchers use a variety of ICT products and services for research and further remarked that ICT products help â€Å"to find  information, access information, manage, integrate, evaluate, create, and communicate information more easily†. It was recommended that training be organized to increase the use of ICT-based products and services. Adeleke and Olorunsola (2010) 9 studied ICT and library operations found that ICT facilities were the major constraints facing libraries in the use of tools. Shafi-Ullah and Roberts (2010) 10 found that ICT infrastructure is necessary to make provide a research culture in higher education institutions and recommended allocating funds for ICT infrastructure. Etebu (2010) 11 studied ICT availability and found a situation that is not encouraging. Patil (2010) 12 found that users were not trained to use ICT- based products and services and further recommended an ICT training programme to increase the use of ICT products and services. Data Analysis The study was carried out in ten university libraries. The demographic information related to these respondents is shown in table 2. Table 2. Demographic Information about Respondents S. No Description 1. 2. Total Percentage 40% 60% 100% Government University 4 Deemed University Total 6 10. Five ICT infrastructures such as computers, printers, laptops, scanners and photocopiers were identified for this study and same is shown in table 3. Table 3. ICT infrastructure vs. University Libraries S. No Description ICT Infrastructure 110 1. Computers 1 4 11-20 21- 31 30 above 2 3 10 (100) 10 (100) 10 (100) 1. 5 5 2. 1 2 3. 2 1 Total WAM Rank (10) (40) 2. Printers 9 1 (20) (30) 0 0 (90) (10) 3. Laptops 9 0 (0) (0) 0 1 (90) (0) (0) (10) 4. Scanners 9 1 0 0 10 (100) 10 (100) 2. 1 2 (90) (10) 5. Photocopiers 9 1 (0) (0) 0 0 2. 1 2 (90) (10) (0) (0) It can be seen from table 3 that 4 (40% ,WAM 3. 2, rank 1) libraries were between 11 and 20 computers, followed by printers, scanners, and photocopiers ranging between 1 and 10. ICT infrastructure mentioned in table 3 were further distributed library-wise, shown in table 4. Table 4. ICT Infrastructure vs. University Libraries S. N Description Government University Libraries n=4 Total Deemed University Libraries n=6 110 11- 21- 31 20 30 above 1 0 2 (50) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 4 N 1A 10 (0) 0 1120 3 (50) 0 (0) 0 2130 2 31 above 1 6 Total N A 1. Computers (0) 1 (0) (25) (25) (0) 2. Printers 0 3 1 0 (100) (0) (0) 4 0 6 (33. 33) (16.67) (100) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 6 (100) 6 (100) 6 (100) 6 (100) (0) (75) (25) (0) 3. Laptops 3 1 0 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (100) (0) (60) 4 0 5 (75) (25) (0) 4. Scanners 0 4 0 (100) (0) (83. 33) (0) 4 0 5 1 (0) (100) (0) 5. Photocopiers 0 3 1 (100) (0) (83. 33) (16. 67) (00 4 0 6 0 (0) 0 (0) (0) (75) (25) (0) (100) (0) (100) It can be seen from table 4 that 2 (50%) government university libraries had more than 31 computers and 3 (50%) deemed university libraries had from 11 to 20 computers. All libraries 4 (100%) from government universities and 5 of those from deemed university libraries had scanners. Three government university libraries and 6 deemed university libraries had between 1 and 10 photocopiers. Four important software applications library automation, digital library, e-learning, and digitization were identified and further ascertained using an Objective Scaling System. The results are shown in table 5. Table 5. ICT based Software in University Libraries S. No Description ICT based Software Total WAM Rank Yes No 1 (10) 9 (90) 9 (90) 10 (100) 10 (100) 10 (100) 10 (100) 10 (100) 1. 0 4 1. 1 3 1. 9 1 1. 9 1 1. Library Automation Software 9 (90) 2. Digital Library Software 1 (10) 3. E-learning Software. 1 (10) 4. Digitization Software 0 (0) (Yes=Available, No=Not Available) Ninety percent of the libraries have implemented library automation and digital library software. Most of the libraries have yet to implement e-learning software and digitization software. The software were further distributed library-wise and are shown in table 6. Table 6. ICT based Software vs. University Libraries S. No Description ICT based Software Government Universities Libraries Deemed Universities Libraries Yes 1. Library Automation Software 3 (75) 2. Digital Library Software 0 (0) 3. Digitization Software 0 (0) 4. E-learning Software 1 (25) No 1 (25) 4 (100) 0 (0) 3 (75) Total 4 (100) 4 (100) 4 (100) 4 (100) Yes 6 (100) 1 No 0 (0) 5 Total 10 (100) 10 (16. 67) (83. 33) (100) 0 (0) 0 (0) 6 (100) 6 (100) 10 (100) 10 (100) (Yes=Available, No=Not Available) Three-quarters of government university libraries and 6 (100%) deemed university libraries have implemented library automation , while one (25%) government university and one (16. 67%) deemed university had implemented both e-learning and digital library software. Technologies such as barcode, smart card, RFID, videoconferencing, and Internet technonologies were identified and are shown in table 7. Table 7. ICT based Technologies vs. University Libraries S. No Description ICT based Technologies Total WAM Rank Yes 1. Barcode Technology 2. Smart card Technology 9 (90) 3 (30) 3. RFID Technology 3 (30) 4. Video Conference Technology 0 (0) 5. Internet Technology 10 (100) No 1 (10) 7 (70) 7 (70) 10 (100) 0 (0) 10 (100) 10 (100) 10 (100) 10 (100) 10 (100) 2. 00 1 1. 00 5 1. 3 3 1. 3 3 1. 9 2 (Yes=Available, No=Not Available) All the libraries surveyed provide internet facilities, while 90% have implemented barcode technology. Three libraries have implemented smart card and RFID technologies. None of the libraries has implementing videoconferencing. The technologies mentioned in table 7 were distributed library-wise and are shown in table 8. Table 8. ICT-based Technologies Universities Libraries S. No Description ICT based Technologies in University Libraries Government Universities Deemed Universities Yes 1. Barcode Technology 3 (75) No 1 (25) Total 4 (100) Yes 6 (100) No 0 (0) Total 10 (100) 2. Smart card Technology 2 (50) 2 (50) 2 (50) 0 (0) 4 (100) 4 (100) 4 (100) 4 (100) 4 (100) 1 5 10 (16. 67) (83. 33) (100) 1 5 10 3. RFID Technology 2 (50) (16. 67) (83.33) (100) 6 (100) 0 (0) 0 (0) 6 (100) 10 (100) 10 (100) 4. Internet Technology 4 (100) 0 (0) 5. Video Conference Technology (Yes=Available, No=Not Available) All libraries in government and deemed universities provide Internet facilities. Seventy-five percent of government university libraries and 100% of deemed university libraries have implemented barcode technology. Nine electronic resources were identified for this study and are shown in table 9. Table 9. Electronic Resources vs. University Libraries S. No Description E-Resources in University Libraries Yes 1. E-Books 6 (60) 2 E-Journals 9 (90) 3. Full text Databases 5 (50) 4. Bibliographic databases 4 (40) 5. CD-ROM databases 8 (80) 6. E-Learning Resources 7 (70) 7. ETD 4 No 4 (40) 1 (10) 1 (10) 6 (60) 2 (20) 3 (30) 6 10 (100) 10 (100) 10 (100) 10 (100) 10 (100) 10 (100) 10 1. 4 7 1. 7 4 1. 8 2 1. 4 8 1. 1 9 1. 9 1 1. 6 6 Total WAM Rank (40) 8. DVD 7 (70) 9. Library Consortium 8 (80) (60) 3 (30) 2 (20) (100) 10 (100) 10 (100) 1. 8 2 1. 7 4 (Yes=Available, No=Not Available) Nearly all the libraries subscribe to electronic journals, and an almost equal number belong to a library consortium. Electronic resources mentioned in table 10 were further distributed library-wise and are shown in table 10. Table 10. Electronic Resources vs. University Libraries S. No Description Electronic Resources in University Libraries Government Universities Deemed Universities Yes 1. E-Books 2 (50) 2. E-Journals 4 (100) 3. Fulltextdatabases 1 (25) 4. Bibliographic databases 2 (50) 5. CD-ROM databases 3 (75) 6. E-Learning Resources 3 (75) 7. ETD 1 (25) 8. DVD 2 No 2 (50) 0 (0) 3 (75) 2 (50) 1 (25) 1 (25) 3 (75) 2 Total 4 (100) 4 (100) 4 (100) 4 (100) 4 (100) 4 (100) 4 (100) 4 Yes 4 No 2 Total 6. (66. 67) (33. 33) (100) 5 1 6 (83. 33) (16. 67) (100) 3 (50) 2 3 (50) 4 6 (100) 6 (33. 33) (66. 67 (1) 5 1 6 (83. 33) (16. 67) (100) 4 2 6 (66. 67) (33. 33) (100) 3 (50) 5 3 (50) 1 6 (100) 6 (50) 9. Library Consortium 4 (100) (50) 0 (0) (100) 4 (100) (83. 33) (16. 67) (100) 4 2 6 (66. 67) (33. 33) (100) (Yes=Available, No=Not Available) All the libraries from government universities and a large number from deemed universities subscribe to e-journals. large number have acquired other electronic resources and belong to library consortia. Conclusion and Recommendations. The application of ICTs are increasing in academic libraries, especially in the university environment. Users’ expectations have increased due to developments in technologies. The study recommends the following The University Libraries must increase the numbers of computer available to enable the users to maximize the usage of ICT-based resources and services. The Digital Library Service† is one of the most useful services in the university library. Users can access digital resources using a number of different open source digital library software packages. The libraries should implement digital library software. It is found that no library was implemented digitization software. It is very useful to digitize rare collections such as older and out of print editions. References 1. Webster, F. (2001). A new politics. In Webster, F. (Ed. ), Culture and politics in the Information Age. London: Routledge. 2. Igwe, P. O. (1986). The electronic age libraries: Present and future prospects. International Library Review, 34(1):43-52. 3. Haglund, L. , Olsson. (2008). The impact oo university libraries of changes in information behavior among academic researchers: A multiple case study. The Journal of Academic librarianship, 34 (1):51-69. 4. Ebijuwa, A. A. (2005). Information and Communication Technology in university libraries: The Nigeria experience. Journal of Library and Information Science, 7(12) :23-30. 5. ToAnyakoha, M. W. (2005). Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in library services. Coal City Libraries, 2(12) :. 2-12. 6. American Library Association (1983). The ALA glossary of library and information science. Chicago. ALA. 7. Walmiki, R. H. , Ramakrishnegowda (2009). ICT infrastructures in university libraries in Karnataka. Annals of Library and Information Studies, 56:236-241. 8. Ahmad, N. , Fatima, N. (2009). Usage of ICT products and services for research in social sciences at Aligarh Muslim University. DESIDOC Journal of Library and Information Technology, 29(2):. 25-30. 9. Adeleke, A. A. , Olorunsola, R. (2010). ICT and Library operations: More on the online cataloguing and classification tools and techniques in Nigerian libraries. The Electronic Library, 28(3):453-462. 10. Is ICT infrastructure capable to accommodate standardized library management systems? : Case studies of library automation from public sector universities in Islamabad (Pakistan). Available: http://www. crl. du. ac. in/ical09/papers/index_files/ical-44_191_402_1_RV. pdf 11. Etebu, A. T. (2010). ICT Availability in Niger Delta University Libraries. Library Philosophy and Practice. Available: http://unllib. unl. edu/LPP/etebu3. htm 12. Patil, S. G. (n. d. ). Usage of ICT Products and Services for research at MET’s institute of engineering, Bhujbal Knowledge City (met-bkc-ioe): A case study. Available: http://knol. google. com/k/usage-of-ict-products-and-services-forresearch#

Why do Companies Continue with Mergers and Acquisitions when so many Fa

Why do Companies Continue with Mergers and Acquisitions when so many Fail? The phenomenon of mergers and acquisitions (M&A’s) triggers an array of opinions and viewpoints. Often it is a strategy that is seen as a perfect way of achieving growth. It is by no means an organic or natural route to success, but has tended to be a quick and easy way of increasing an organisations size and power. However although there have been ‘waves’ of popularity and success since its introduction in the 1960’s it has also suffered criticism due to the number of failures it has accounted for. Despite the strong suggestion that this strategy has been the architect for many an organisation's downfall there still remains a propensity in the current business environment for managers to adopt it. Throughout this essay I am going to examine some of the areas that explain M&A’s volatility and attempt to discover why managers are persevering with the strategy when it is seemingly flawed. Over the last few decades it has become increasing apparent that the effect of mergers and acquisitions is not as beneficial as once thought. When the growth strategy was pioneered in the middle part of the nineteen hundreds it was looked upon as a way of creating an empire across different sectors and countries. Many experienced managers were sucked into the strategy, only having eyes for the apparent synergistical and positive affects of M&A’s. Although over the following years there has been many success stories concerning M&A’s, when the big picture is examined it displays a more ugly side of the phenomenon. Hodge (1998) discovered that ‘in the go-go ‘80s, 37% of mergers outperformed the average shareholder return in that period; in the fi... ...nal, Autumn; Customer text-section 2, topic 11. - Kieran et al (1994) ‘Planning the deals that generate value and gain advantage’, Mergers and Acquisitions, March-April; Custom text, topic 12. Journals - Doitte S & Smith G (1998). ‘The morning after (avoiding mistakes in acquisitions and mergers)’. Winter v63 i2 p32(8). - Davenport, T (1998). ‘The Integration Challenge (managing corporate mergers’ Management Review. - Heitner M (1998). ‘The thorny business of merging rival firms’, Mergers and Acquisitions. - Hodge, K (1998), ‘The art of the post deal (outcomes of mergers)’. Management Review. - Price, A & Sloane, J (1998). ‘Global Designs: Tough Challenges for - Acquirers’. Mergers and Acquisitions.. - Whipple J & Frankel R (2000), ‘Strategic Alliance Success Factors’. The Journal of Supply Chain Management.

History of Spice Notes

History Of Spice Egyptians used a lot of spices for cooking and stuffed mummies Burned cinnamon to hide stench First recorded spice Traded spice with India Spice trade silk road All roads go to fertile crescent Arabs created a monopoly on the spice trade moving toward Europe Arabs Kept Europeans in the dark about the source of spices brought from India Created secrets and Myths Might boil seeds so Europeans couldn’t grow it Crusaders brought back new spices when they returned from battle which increased demand in Europe and had also developed a taste for spice increasing demand Spice Obsessions Only attainable by ruling classEmblems of power, gifts of state, heirlooms, currency Pepper: worth its weight in gold, used as currency Plagued by counterfeiting Dried juniper berries (added to extend pepper) Spice Obsession Theories Theory 1: Used spice as preservative (pepper) Not much evidence (salt works fine, local spices, afford fresh meat) Theory 2: Medicine Theory 3: Medieval pa late was dull Theory 4: Trade Route Inflation Middle man increase prices along silk road End of Obsession (17th century) Figure out you could grow spice Markets were saturated Moderate use of spice New groups of flavoring: chili’s coffee tea sugar, chocolate Pepper- Piper nigrumMost important spice economically America is the worlds largest importer Woody, perennial (3 seasons or more), tropical climbing vine No synchrony Monsoon tropical forests of Malabar coats, SW India Heat: Alkaloid irritants: piperine Inner core Aroma: From essential oil Pericarp, outershell Green pepper: comes from unripe berries (least hot) Black pepper: fully grown and dried White pepper: removed skin (hottest) Cinnamon: Cinnamomum verum Small evergreen tree in laurel family (true Cinnamon Ceylon) Native to Sri Lanka light flavor, fine texture, little Coumarin 2 yr old branches cut and fermented for 24 hrs nner bark peeled and dried to form quills Cassia (fake) evergreen native to India, Indonesia an d Vietnam Closely related, mostly US Thicker bark, whole tree used Heavy flavor, coarse texture, high coumarin Coumarin: appetite suppressing Medical/ research: antioxidant, antimicrobial, type II diabetes Saffron: Crocus sativus Iran major exporter, very expensive Perennial bulb, 2 flowers per bulb, completely domesticated 3 stigmas, manual harvest Egypt: Cleopatra, healers Disappeared with Roman Empire but came back as plague remedy Afghanistan: poppy vs. Saffron Flowers Pollination: the transfer of pollen from anther to stigmaCross pollination: Chance (pollen in air or water), or animals Mutualism, coevolution (trick or reward animals to pollenate) Egyptians thought divine power, blue lotus Ancient Greece: floral wreaths Ancient Rome: Floralia festival Christian: flowers where â€Å"pure† no sex Theophrastus: date palms pollinated by hand, proved reproduction Fall of roman empire, fall of flower, (great suspicion) Gained popularity Europe 600 AD Posies thought to ward off plague Saint Thomas: plants have reproductive virtues Linnaeus: taxonomic system based on flowers Botanophilia Victorian Age: women grew flowersSexual repression, low tolerance of crime, and strong social ethic Grew orchids (â€Å"a massive man-made extinction event†) Epiphytic plant: plant grow on another plant (non-parasitic) Orchidmania Biggest flowering plant family, highly evolved (very guarded against self-pollination), native species on every continent Grow slowly (7 yrs to mature and flower), long lived Catasetum orchid inspired Darwins early book Ghost orchid Tulipmania Extreme heterozygote First cultivated around turkey then moved to Holland Tulip breaking potyvirus (suppressed anthocyanin) (weakened plant) Spread by peach/potato aphidMutability, novelty, favored by royalty, bubonic plague era, scarcity/ demand 1635 shift, traded in future promissory notes â€Å"Greater Fool Theory† (1637 crash) Smell 1 0f 50 human genes in the human genome are devoted to sme ll Olfaction: sense of smell, chemical molecules Olfactory tract transmits signals to limbic system To smell must have Volatile: must easily evaporate Water soluble Lipid soluble Essential oils is what makes plants smell (2nd ary plant metabolite) Isolation of Essential Oils: heat effects the smell Expression: simplest, squeezed out, citrusDistillation: most used, boil, collect steam, condense to oil Solvent extraction: delicate flowers, grind up, steep in chemicals, then evaporate Effleurage: oldest method, plant material in fat, dissolve out fat Synthetic molecule Scent and Memory Proustian Effect: smell linked to memories, takes you back Scent marketing Billboard smell: makes bold statement (popcorn) Thematic smell: compliments decor (Christmas smell) Ambient smell: cover foul odor Signature smell Sugar (refers to many groups of carbohydrates) Monosaccharides: simple sugars, cant be broken down Glucose: basic source of energy (produced photosynthesis)Disaccharides: 2 monosacc. Ar e joined together and H2O removed Glucose: can from starch (storage in plants) or glycogen (storage in animals) Honey was the first sweetener used by humans Sugarcane Native to S/SE Asia, cultivated in India Large tropical grass, stores sucrose in internodes Stems crushed, boil sap, separate sugar crystals US 150 lbs/ yr consumed Arab traders brought to Mediterranean, sugar reached Europe after crusades, Columbus to Dominican Republic Labor first from indigenous people and forced labor from Europe Solve labor shortage imported slave British dominant traders in slaves and sugarSeen as unskilled and replaceable Malnutrition and starvation Triangle trade Sugar, rum to Europe; guns, salt, iron to Africa; slaves to Caribbean Sugar, molasses to America; rum to Africa, slaves to Car. Why so brutal? Very profitable, high demand, triangle trade Occurred in isolation â€Å"unskilled labor† abolitionists end in 1834 Chocolate Cacao tree Theobroma cacao, native tropical S America, Grows tall, hot climate, lots of rain, understory tree (shaded, damp) Cauliflory: flowers from trunk or large branches Each flower potential fruit, insect that pollinates only in understory Olmec, Mayan, AztecProcess Fermentation: pulp liquefied, seeds briefly germinate (choc. Flavor) Drying: lose weight, outer shell loosens Roasting: refines flavor Winnowing: removes outer shell Cravings Caffeine and theobromine (humans not very sensitive to ) Cannabinoid mimics Phenethylamines: chemicals associated with love Serotonin Coffee Coffea, understory tree, tropical evergreen, produc berries 3 yrs old Coffee fruit (drupe) contains 2 coffee â€Å"bean†s Center of origin Ethiopia highlands Coffea Arabica: 1st cultivated, wimpy (lower caffeine and yield) Coffea canephora (robusta): 2x caffeine, greater yieldShade Grown (traditional) coffee Originally understory trees Diverse habitat Minimal need for pesticides and fertilizers Sun Grown Coffee Monoculture system produced by clear cutting for est Increased fertilizers; herbicides and insecticides Increased soil erosion Coffee berry borer, natural predator ants Tea Popularity: tea, coffee, beer Camellia sinensis, evergreen tree/shrub China tea, 1st discovered and cultivated, cool climate, lower yield, lighter flavor Assam Tea, tree, less resistant to cold, high yields, brisk flavor Center or origin: chinaOxidation=fermentation Startch to sugar, tannins released Polyphenols: Antioxidant properties Catechines: 25% Concentrated in fresh, unbroken, unfermented Tannins 50%: break leaves tannins released Types Tulsi tea: related to mint, not china tea Medical/religious, India Hinduism Black: withered, full fermentation, crushed, dries (usually assam tea) brick Oolong: btw withered, short fermentation, rolled or ball form Green Tea: little withering, dried, high polyphenols (china tea) White tea: young leaves, no oxidation, higher catechins, healthyiest *

The Rights Of The Defendant In The American Criminal Justice System

The criminal justice system enforces criminal statutes through the social and legal institutions in accordance with the prescribed criminal procedure and regulations. It consists of subsystems such as the law enforcement, the judiciary, the public prosecutors and defenders, probation and parole agencies and the corrections department, and the prison institutions (Frase and Weidner, n. d. ). The criminal statutes define crimes and their respective defenses. On the other hand, criminal procedure delineates the â€Å"the stages of the criminal process from arrest through prosecution, sentencing, appeal and release from prison† (Jacobs, 2007).The criminal justice system works both in the federal and state levels. Each has its own set of criminal laws, courts, enforcement agencies and probation systems (Jacobs, 2007). The foundation of criminal procedure is the U. S. Constitution (Jacobs, 2001). Specifically the Bill of Rights is placed in the Constitution to protect the citizens f rom the vast powers of government. It grants fundamental rights and liberties to all those living in the United States (Jacobs, 2001). The defendant in a criminal prosecution is entitled the presumption of innocence.This necessarily means that the burden of proving his guilt beyond reasonable doubt rests upon the prosecution (Jacobs, 2001). The due process clause of the Constitution accorded the defendant a wide array of protections and guarantees such as giving him an opportunity to be heard. The Fifth Amendment ensures that the defendant is not tried twice or more for the same offense and by the same authority. This is the right against double jeopardy (Jacobs, 2001) Moreover, the Constitution protects the defendant by guaranteeing that he does not testify against himself or the right against self incrimination (Jacobs, 2001).The rights enumerated under the Sixth Amendment refer to the codified rights of the accused in criminal prosecutions. The rights of the defendant in criminal prosecution are: â€Å"1) right to a speedy trial; 2) right to a public trial; 3) right to a trial by jury; 4) notice of the accusation; (5) right to confront the opposing witnesses; 6) right to compulsory process for obtaining favorable witnesses; and (7) the assistance of counsel or right to counsel† (Oxford Companion, 2005). The right to a speedy trial prevents oppressive incarceration before trial and ensures defense by the accused of his cause.The right to a public trial acts as a safeguard against abuse of judicial power. Moreover, it also assures the accused that he is informed of the charges against him. This is part of due process (Oxford Companion, 2005). The right to confront opposing witnesses refers to the right of the accused to cross examine said witnesses. He is also entitled to subpoena witnesses in his behalf (Oxford Companion, 2005). Finally, the accused is also entitled to be represented by counsel or a lawyer. The Eight Amendment on the other hand proscr ibes excessive bail, cruel and unusual punishments (Jacobs, 2001). The rate of crime in the U.S. is quite appalling and this is blamed on the ineffective criminal justice system. The ineffective system is due to the â€Å"adversarial character and its irrational maze of procedural technicalities. † According to Maechling, the trial is characterized by artificiality whereby it is reduced into nothing but a sport game where defense lawyers try to outwit and use technicalities against the prosecution in their tactical defense theories. Frivolous objections and dilatory tactics mar the trial. By reason of this growing recognition, authorities have started to look into the possibility of reform in the criminal justice system.Synopsis of â€Å"Gideon’s Trumpet† The book written by Anthony Lewis was inspired by the actual court case, Gideon v. Wainwright (1963). Clarence Earl Gideon was arrested for a felony in 1961 in Panama City. The felony under Florida law involved the breaking and entering the Bay Harbor pool hall. During trial before the trial court, Gideon requested for the court to appoint a lawyer to handle his defense. The judge denied his request on the ground that state law allows appointment of counsels for indigents for capital offenses and considering that the felony he was being prosecuted for is not one with a capital penalty but a misdemeanor, i.e. petty larceny; he is therefore not entitled to have a counsel appointed for him. Gideon had no choice but to represent himself. Gideon has been previously convicted of four felonies, homeless and destitute. He had only the education of an eighth grader. He conducted his trial and lost. He was sentenced to imprisonment of five years. Subsequently, he applied for a writ of habeas corpus before the state Supreme Court based on the alleged violation of his rights under the federal Constitution. This was denied.He filed his five-page Petition for Certiorari directed at the Supreme Court of Florida requesting for the Court to take cognizance of his case. He also filed an application to litigate in forma pauperis. His main argument was that his â€Å"conviction violated the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. † He claimed that when he was deprived the right to counsel during a trial for a felony, it was tantamount to depriving him his right to due process of the law. The Supreme Court of U. S. granted Gideon’s petition and the judgment of conviction was reversed and remanded to the Supreme Court of Florida.In so doing, the ruling in the case of Betts v. Brady and Progeny was overturned. In the Betts case, Court ruled that â€Å"the appointment of counsel is not a fundamental right essential to a fair trial† [316 U. S. 455 (1942)]. It laid down the principle that the right to be represented by counsel is not necessary in state cases involving non capital offenses except in special circumstances. In Gideon, the Court i n abandoning the Betts reasoning ruled that the right to assistance of counsel is imperative, basic and fundamental and the Fourteenth Amendment requires that the same be available and applicable in state courts.Synopsis of â€Å"The Onion Field† This book was written by Joseph Wambaugh. The novel is about the two felony car officers who patrolled the side streets of Hollywood and Sunset Boulevard. Ian Campbell was breaking in Karl Hettinger, who was newly assigned to felony cars. In the evening of March 9, 1963, both were patrolling and noticed a suspicious 1946 Ford. Both decided to check it out. The two men in the Ford were responsible for the robberies in the area. Powell exited the car and poked a gun at Campbell while Smith exited the passenger side.Hettinger was asked to hand his gun to Smith and both cops were forced to get in the Ford. Campbell at gunpoint drove the Ford while Hettinger laid flat on the floor of the backseat. They were assured that they would be rele ased when they get to the remote area so that it would take time for them to get help. After driving for sometime, they stopped and both were asked to get out of the car. Powell fired at Campbell and hit him in his mouth. Hettinger ran to the field while he heard four more shots. Both culprits were apprehended and went through custodial investigation. Both pointed to each other as to who shot Campbell.After many years of dilatory motions, appeals and lengthy trials, both were found guilty and sentenced to death in 1967. Since death penalty was abolished in the early 1970s, their sentences were commuted to life. Discussion and Analysis The main theme of Gideon’s is that society must protect a person charged with an offense. The rights and liberties afforded to him by the law and the Constitution must be strictly observed and enforced. The accused must be presumed innocent until proven guilty and he must be afforded the right to have counsel because this is part of the right to due process.The study of law requires knowledge, skill and experience in trial proceedings. Even an educated and intelligent man who is not properly educated and trained in law is considered incompetent and unable to defend himself. Courts are created to punish and deprive the guilty of their liberties through imprisonment and other imposable penalties. Thus, it is imperative that if a person is charged with an offense in court he must be able to put a defense and be heard by a properly trained counsel. To deprive him of this would be tantamount to depriving him of due process and would render nugatory the basic tenets of the Bill of Rights.A person charged of an offense would need the expertise of a counsel so that he does not risk himself of being convicted even if he be innocent simply because he does not know how to establish his innocence. More so an uneducated man, a feeble minded person or an indigent. Consequently, it becomes the duty of the court to appoint counsel so that such person may not be denied due process of law as guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. The central theme in â€Å"The Onion Field† is that the defendants brought to trial are guilty already.It also justifies the use of deadly force by the police to achieve their ends so that it can serve to prevent crime. It also portrays the weakness of the legal system when it can be manipulated to prolong and lengthen the trial by legal tactics and dilatory measures by the defense which further victimized the cop who survived the crime—Hettinger. He was asked to relive and testify over and over again the details of the incident. The courts have been overly protective of the rights of the defendants that it defeats the very ends of a peaceful and safer society. Similarly, there are two models of criminal law that are subject of heated debates.Central to this controversy is rooted from the goals of the criminal justice system; firstly, the need to enforce and implement the laws to maintain peace and social order and secondly, the need to protect people from being victims of injustice. The first goal is the crime control model, as developed by Herbert Packer in 1960s while the second is the due process model (Schmalleger, 1999). The crime control model has placed its priority upon arrest, prosecution and conviction of criminals. This model supports and justifies all acts of the police and prosecution on an all out war against crime.This includes profiling, sting operations, patrolling areas that are high risk and the like. It entails aggressive identification, pursuit, isolation and prosecution of the criminals. This model allows collateral damage or acceptable losses even if this be a human life (Perron, n. d. ). For instance, a 75-year old minister was handcuffed during a raid on drugs. He suffered and died of a heart attack. Later it turned out that the informant gave a wrong apartment number. The minister is considered a collateral damage in the war aga inst drugs (Perron, n. d. ).Moreover, the crime control model assumes the defendant is already guilty even before trial. In the book, ‘The Onion Field’ the investigating police officers already assumed that Powell and Smith are guilty of the crimes for which they were being investigated even before their trial. This can be seen from Smith’s apprehension when he was thrown to the floor of his bedroom and shouted at by the apprehending officers as a cop-killer. Due to countless motions and re-trials, Hettinger was made to relive and recount his ordeal. He was on moral trial by his colleagues.He resigned and got involved in petty thefts and was never the same again. Hettinger was the collateral damage. The Due Process Model focuses on protecting the rights and liberties of the defendant in criminal prosecutions. Perron, a certified criminal investigator claims that â€Å"the due process model demands a careful and informed consideration of the facts of each individ ual case. According to this model, law enforcement agents must recognize the rights of suspects during arrest, questioning, and handling. In addition, constitutional guarantees must be considered by judges and prosecutors during trials.The primary mission of the due process model is to protect innocent people from wrongful conviction. † This model is guided by the principle that it is better to release guilty persons than to prosecute and incarcerate an innocent person. It recognizes the innocence of the accused before conviction and therefore prescribes as an imperative the observance and respect to the rights of persons during criminal prosecutions. It protects the rights of an individual first and foremost since the rights of one represent the rights of the many (Perron, n. d. ).The book, â€Å"Gideon’s Trumpet† may illustrate the due process model. The case was heard at the time when the Betts principle was controlling. This means that the accused can only be appointed a counsel in case where he is charged with a capital offense. The Supreme Court overturned this dictum and laid down a principle that indigent defendants in all criminal prosecutions must be given the right to assisted by counsel otherwise this will be a denial of his right to due process. Gideon’s upholds the rights of the accused in criminal prosecutions and considers him innocent until proven guilty.To a certain extent, the book ‘The Onion Field’ illustrates also a due process model principle in that the numerous trials and hearings manifested a system that allowed due process or the right of the accused to be heard and present his own evidence during trial. For the law enforcement, the due process model only frustrates and delays the elimination of crime in the society. It is claimed that observance of the rights of the accused only lengthens the process of putting the criminal behind bars. It protects the guilty at the expense of innocent individu als.On the other hand, advocates of due process model believe that crime control model is prone to commit errors that result consequently in the conviction of the innocent. They believe that it is too harsh and believes in the philosophy of a police state (Perron, n. d. ). Conclusion These two models are susceptible to being reconciled and rationalized. As proposed by a noted criminologist Frank Scmalleger in his book, Criminal Justice Today claimed that the American criminal justice system works as a ‘crime control through due process. ’ According to him, this new model balances the different strengths and weaknesses of the previous two models.It harnesses the strong points of each model and avoids their respective pitfalls. This means that law enforcement strategies to control crime and apprehend criminals can continue under the philosophy of still brining the defendant to court for prosecution. Although evidence may be gathered as to prove factual guilt still the jud iciary is left with the role of establishing legal guilt. The greatest challenge that is facing the criminal justice system is finding balance between the rights of the defendant in criminal prosecutions and the interest of the people in the society to impose punishment on the guilty.As between the crime control model and the due process model, I would prefer to live in the due process model of criminal justice. The United States symbolizes stability and democracy and its Constitution as the bedrock of society. Advocating crime control model would mean the higher risk of violations of civil liberties guaranteed by the Constitution and the principles embodied in the Declaration of Independence of our forefathers. All men are created equal with unalienable rights in seeking life, liberty and happiness. By leaving to the power and discretion of the police and law enforcement, the prerogative to adjudge guilt i.e. factual guilt would mean leaving the decision to curtailing freedom and l iberties in the hands of men who are not properly trained to seek legal guilt. It would also mean that rules in determining factual guilt may be relative and subjective unlike if this was determined in accordance with laws and judicial pronouncements based on jurisprudence and sound judicial principles. In order to keep order and peace in a society, laws are to be observed with uniformity and with a clear and informed consideration of the facts before one is convicted.The due process model makes use of an objective and just standards of determination of guilt or innocence rather than one that may be subjective and error prone. References Frase, R. and Weidner, R. â€Å"Criminal justice system – structural and theoretical components of criminal justice systems, the systems in operation, the importance of viewing criminal justice as a system. † American Law and Legal Information web site Crime and Justice vol. 1. Retrieved on November 19, 2007, from http://law. jrank. or g/pages/858/Criminal-Justice-System. html. Jacobs, J.â€Å"Criminal justice in the United States: A primer,† American Studies Journal, 2007 Special Edition, No. 49. Retrieved on November 19, 2007, from http://asjournal. zusas. uni-halle. de/76. html. Jacobs, J. , â€Å"Issues of Democracy,† 2001. Retrieved on November 9, 2007, from http://usinfo. state. gov/journals/itdhr/0701/ijde/jacobs. htm. Lewis, A. , Gideon’s Trumpet, (New York: Random House, Inc. , 1964. Maechling, Jr. , C. , â€Å"The crisis of an American criminal justice† 1996. Retrieved on November 20, 2007, from http://www. cosmos-club. org/web/journals/1996/maechling.html Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States, â€Å"Sixth Amendment† (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005). Peak, K. , Justice Administration, third edition 2001, Prentice Hall. Perron, B. ‘The crime control and due process models’ The Criminal Defense Training Council. Retrieved on Novemb er 21, 2007, from http://www. defenseinvestigator. com/article10. html#_ftnref4 Schmalleger, F. , Criminal Justice Today, fifth edition, Prentice Hall 1999. Wambaugh, F. , The Onion Field, London: Quercus 21 Bloomsbury Square, 2007 edition.

Free Essays on Darker Face Of The Earth

Review: Darker Face of the Earth â€Å"The white power structure must have seemed as all-encompassing as the implacable will of Zeus,† Rita Dove states in an interview. This statement inspired a new awareness, in trying to comprehend the feelings of those enslaved in the nineteenth century. Having read Oedipus Rex, and after seeing the play Darker Face of the Earth, it allowed me to recognize the similarities and differences of powerful white slave owners and Greek Gods. Gods of ancient Greece were viewed as being superior to humans although they shared many of the same traits. This is the same in relation to slaves and their owners. Just as the gods choose the fate of the people of ancient Greece, the owners choose the fate of their slaves? The gods in Oedipus were harsh in creating his fate just as many slave owners were harsh in shaping the fate of their slaves. The difference between the powerful white slave owners and gods are few. The fact the slave owners were mortal and lack supernatural abilities are the only things that set them apart from the gods. The theme of Mrs. Dove’s play closely resembled that of Oedipus Rex, however there were a few changes. I was disappointed that the theme of sight and blindness was excluded. I felt that this was an intriguing part of Oedipus Rex that added great philosophy to the text. The literal and metaphorical relationship between eyesight and insight is a theme that can be applied to any ones â€Å"everyday life† I feel that Dove’s work would have been enhanced with the addition of this theme. There was also a change in character in her work. Tiresius was cut out and a conjure woman that would prophesize the curse was substituted in his place. The conjure woman was wonderful in the play, however I feel that the presentation could have benefited from a character more like Tiresius. The play was easy to follow and had the ability of comprehension without prior knowledge of... Free Essays on Darker Face Of The Earth Free Essays on Darker Face Of The Earth Review: Darker Face of the Earth â€Å"The white power structure must have seemed as all-encompassing as the implacable will of Zeus,† Rita Dove states in an interview. This statement inspired a new awareness, in trying to comprehend the feelings of those enslaved in the nineteenth century. Having read Oedipus Rex, and after seeing the play Darker Face of the Earth, it allowed me to recognize the similarities and differences of powerful white slave owners and Greek Gods. Gods of ancient Greece were viewed as being superior to humans although they shared many of the same traits. This is the same in relation to slaves and their owners. Just as the gods choose the fate of the people of ancient Greece, the owners choose the fate of their slaves? The gods in Oedipus were harsh in creating his fate just as many slave owners were harsh in shaping the fate of their slaves. The difference between the powerful white slave owners and gods are few. The fact the slave owners were mortal and lack supernatural abilities are the only things that set them apart from the gods. The theme of Mrs. Dove’s play closely resembled that of Oedipus Rex, however there were a few changes. I was disappointed that the theme of sight and blindness was excluded. I felt that this was an intriguing part of Oedipus Rex that added great philosophy to the text. The literal and metaphorical relationship between eyesight and insight is a theme that can be applied to any ones â€Å"everyday life† I feel that Dove’s work would have been enhanced with the addition of this theme. There was also a change in character in her work. Tiresius was cut out and a conjure woman that would prophesize the curse was substituted in his place. The conjure woman was wonderful in the play, however I feel that the presentation could have benefited from a character more like Tiresius. The play was easy to follow and had the ability of comprehension without prior knowledge of...

8 opciones visa trabajo o green card para profesionales

8 opciones visa trabajo o green card para profesionales Una pregunta comà ºn que se hacen los profesionales extranjeros es cà ³mo emigrar legalmente a los Estados Unidos. La respuesta es que depende de varios factores, como las caracterà ­sticas del profesionales y de quà © papeles puede obtener. En la mayorà ­a de los casos es necesario el patrocinio por parte de una empresa estadounidense. Adems, es la empresa quien decide si patrocina una tarjeta de residencia, tambià ©n conocida como green card, o si por el contrario solicita los papeles de una visa de trabajo temporal. En este artà ­culo se explican 4 caminos hacia la green card por razà ³n de trabajo y 4 otros para una visa de trabajo. Adems, se finaliza con recomendaciones que deben tenerse en cuenta si se desea iniciar una nueva vida en los Estados Unidos. 8 caminos para emigrar legalmente a los Estados Unidos   1. La categorà ­a EB-1, que permite obtener la tarjeta de residencia. Est pensada para 3 subcategorà ­as. En primer lugar, los profesionales con habilidades extraordinarias en las Ciencias, las Artes, la Educacià ³n, los Negocios o Deportes. En segundo lugar, profesores universitarios o investigadores excepcionales y, en tercer lugar, para algunos tipos de gerentes y managers de compaà ±Ãƒ ­as extranjeras que estn trabajando en los Estados Unidos. En el caso de profesionales con habilidades extraordinarias no necesitan patrocinio de ninguna empresa. Son difà ­ciles de obtener los papeles por esta circunstancia y las peticiones se niegan en ms de 1 de cada 3 casos. Por el contrario, en las otras 2 subcategorà ­as debern tener, en la mayorà ­a de los casos, un patrocinador. En la subcategorà ­a de profesores e investigadores ms del 90 por ciento de las peticiones son aprobadas. 2. La categorà ­a EB-2. Est pensada, por un lado, para personas con una habilidad excepcional en las Ciencias, las Artes o los Negocios o, por otro, para extranjeros con un tà ­tulo de maestrà ­a o superior o su equivalente, es decir, licenciatura ms 5 aà ±os de experiencia. Cada aà ±o se pueden aprobar un mximo de 144,951 visas de inmigrante en esta categorà ­a. 3. La categorà ­a EB-3 que contempla 3 posibilidades, que siempre exigen patrocinio por parte de una empresa de Estados Unidos. En primer lugar, trabajadores con habilidades, es decir, con al menos 2 aà ±os de experiencia laboral. En segundo lugar, profesionales con al menos licenciatura y, en tercer lugar, otros trabajadores que deben tener al menos entrenamiento o experiencia en el trabajo por 2 aà ±os. Bajo la EB-3 pueden emigrar los trabajadores que no tienen cabida en las categorà ­as EB-1 y EB-2.   Cada aà ±o fiscal se pueden aprobar un mximo de 144,951 visas para esta categorà ­a, no permitià ©ndose que ms de 10,000 se adjudiquen a la subcategorà ­a de otros trabajadores. 4. La categorà ­a EB-4 para obtener la green card. Aplica a  un conglomerado de situaciones distintas que van desde trabajadores religiosos a mà ©dicos, funcionarios de organizaciones internacionales, trabajadores del Canal de Panam o de la OTAN o traductores afganos o iraquà ­es que han ayudado a las tropas de Estados Unidos. 5. La visa de trabajo temporal H-1B. Es de doble intencià ³n, esto es, permite buscar activamente el cambio a una tarjeta de residencia. Est pensada para profesionales y es muy utilizada por empleados de empresas tecnolà ³gicas, pero no est restringida a ellos. Estas son las 100 empresas que ms visas H-1B patrocinaron en el à ºltimo aà ±o fiscal. 6. La visa de trabajo temporal L-1 y L-2 para gerentes y ejecutivos de multinacionales que son transferidos a los Estados Unidos. Al igual que sucede con la visa H-1B, este visado es de doble intencià ³n. 7. Visa O para extranjeros con habilidades extraordinarias. 8. Visa TN para profesionales mexicanos y canadienses en virtud de la aplicacià ³n del Tratado de Libre Comercio o NAFTA, por su siglas en inglà ©s. Cmo se cambia una visa de trabajo temporal por una tarjeta de residencia? La respuesta es siguiendo uno de los caminos previstos por la ley para obtener la green card. En la prctica en la mayorà ­a de los casos tiene lugar mediante el patrocinio por parte de una empresa o bien por peticià ³n de un familiar. Por ejemplo, el cà ³nyuge si es que el trabajador extranjero se casa con un ciudadano estadounidense o con un residente permanente legal. Otras opciones posibles para sacar la green card o visas que permiten trabajar Cuando las posibilidades anteriores no estn al alcance de la mano, el sistema migratorio de los Estados Unidos contempla ms categorà ­as de visas de trabajo, pero las arriba mencionadas son las pensadas para profesionales.   Adems, hay visas que no son de trabajo pero que permiten trabajar, como por ejemplo, las de intercambio o las de inversià ³n. Incluso en algunas circunstancias, la visa de estudiante. En todo caso est terminantemente prohibido trabajar con visa de turista o cuando se entra sin visado por pertenecer a un paà ­s en el Programa de Exencià ³n de Visas. Es una violacià ³n migratoria que puede dar lugar a una deportacià ³n o a la cancelacià ³n de la visa. Es tambià ©n muy importante destacar que cada visa tiene sus propias peculiaridades, desde requisitos, a tiempo de tramitacià ³n o costos y que no conviene confundirlas. Por otro lado, hay ms de 2 docenas de caminos que permiten obtener la green card, aunque lo cierto es que la mayorà ­a de las tarjetas de residencia que se aprueban cada aà ±o tienen su origen en una peticià ³n por parte de un familiar. Pero es interesante familiarizarse con todas las posibilidades, que incluso contemplan un sorteo gratuito de 50,000 green cards, conocido como visa de la diversidad, a la que pueden aplicar cada mes de octubre los ciudadanos de Espaà ±a y tambià ©n de muchos paà ­ses latinoamericanos, aunque no todos. A tener en cuenta antes de hacer las maletas yemigrar Estados Unidos es un paà ­s enorme y extraordinariamente diverso. La experiencia de vivir en Alaska o en Florida son, obviamente muy distintas. Antes de asentarse o al considerar una oferta de trabajo es muy recomendable informarse sobre aspectos como cunto se paga de impuestos en el estado que se est considerando, cules son las coberturas mà ©dicas que brinda la empresa para la que se va a trabajar o cun cara es la ciudad a la que se piensa emigrar. Tambià ©n es importante tener una idea muy clara de cà ³mo obtener los papeles porque una vez que se est como indocumentado en los Estados Unidos puede ser muy difà ­cil regularizar la situacià ³n, lo que da lugar a una vida llena de miedos. Finalmente, si las cosas no se dan para Estados Unidos, considerar otros paà ­ses que tienen la migracià ³n abierta, en particular en el caso de profesionales es buena idea informarse sobre Canad, ya que tiene un sistema federal y de provincias interesante. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Characteristics of Public Health Summary Measures Essay

Characteristics of Public Health Summary Measures - Essay Example Additionally, it will indicate how these characteristics contribute to and improve our understanding of diseases burden in the population. One of the characteristics that I believe a public health summary measures should possess is absolute or relative change. This should be in term of health status for a given period of time. For example, if the mortality rate is 10 percent in a given location for a certain month, then in the next month it increases to 12 percent, this indicates an absolute increase infant mortality (Zack, 1993). Measures should be taken to ensure that there is a reduction in relative change in infant mortality which is a useful measure of the public health. This will reduce the cost of living since the fund that would be used to cater for infant mortality will be used in other economic growth activities and increase in Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The second characteristic is validity, which is a measure that indicates the health status of an individual like a report of health indicating as excellent, good, and poor among others means of rating. This means a record for this validity should be kept where it reflects a change in the health status of individuals (Murray, 1994). This characteristic will be of importance since when one visit a health care then his or her status will be known and intensive care will be undertaken depending on the report. The third characteristic is that population should be sensitive to major health changes for example in the case where alcohol and tobacco taxation is increased. This means the reduction in the consumption of alcohol and tobacco in the location, will be a measure to improve the health of individuals by addressing mental health, chronic diseases among others (McKenna and Michaud, 2005).  Ã‚  

Fast Food in US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Fast Food in US - Essay Example They are modeled after success, and as long as you go away with food in hand, they really could care less about the effects it has on you, or your life down the long road. This is what Eric Schlosser took a deep look into in the book Fast Food Nation. Using witty examples and biting realism, Schlosser was able to tear apart the wrapper surrounding the Big Mac that is the fast food industry. Showing the whole what they really were eating, Schlosser offered a unique journalistic look into the making, formation, and distribution of the one of the most beloved things in America: Food. The companies probably weren't expecting this to happen. They were safe under the wrappers they had made, and didn't want people to know how unhealthy the food is, and how it really is all part of a consumer fraud in a way, where the supplier is supplying the consumer with something that is unhealthy while making no attempts to change this. One of the main reasons the companies do as good as they do is their products. In today's fast paced society, everybody is busy, hustling around, always moving. We live in a very fast paced society, and time is money. And everybody needs to eat, but not everybody can find the time to sit down at an expensive meal. Money is also an issue here. Some people can't afford to eat out all the time. The state of families is not what is was years ago, and in effect, is causing more people to eat out compared to what they used to. So here comes fast food to save the day. Offering a quick and easy solution to each of these problems, fast food is quick, easy, cheap and simple. It offers a quick hamburger to a busy businessman, or to a family who only has a spare few minutes in which time they need to eat dinner. Fast food offers all of these solutions, and with new to go orders and serving sizes, the convenience only continues to grow. As popularity grows, so does the message, you can come here and get a quick food in the middle of your fast passed life. No busy lines, no busy sit down restaurants, just a cheap easy and quick meal. Than it itself offers a lot to customers and really widens the fan base of such fast food joints. Convenience and price are two factors of the product, but only a small part of the large picture of the product. Mass producing the product is important, and I am not just talking about mass producing the product actually, but in the people's minds. Images of good looking fast food sandwiches are thrown every, on build boards, on commercials on tv, on magazine ads, everywhere you look is the image of a good tasting burger. This is very in your face advertising, but when a person needs something quick, they remember that add and that image and go back to that fast food place to eat. The image of the product that is displayed is just as important as the actual product, and the fast food companies make sure to display a good quality image, and to display it all over the place, well engrained into people's memories. All of these are strong factors to the product of fast food, but one of the next items is how the food is actually presented. Although most fast food is not different from one another, they would have you believe that it is way better than the other guys, and the competition between the chains keeps more and more original

Biography on mary wollstonecraft Sr Research Paper

Biography on mary wollstonecraft Sr - Research Paper Example This life experiences inspired Mary to become an Anglo-Irish feminist, novelist, philosopher, intellectual, and historian after following the common day-school education. Her fight for the rights of women could also be due to her sister Eliza who experienced difficult birth and husband abuse. On 29th March, 1796, Wollstonecraft got married to William Godwin who after her death, 10th September, 1797, due to complications of childbirth wrote Memoirs of Mary Wollstonecraft (1798) (Richards 565). Her writing began in 1787 with the pamphlet Thoughts on the Education of Daughters, after which she took a governess position (Senders 423-424). The children’s book, Mary; a Fiction, in 1788 involved novel stories from real life, followed by translation of On the Importance of Religious Opinions, a book by Jacques Necker. Wollstonecraft was also involved in The Analytical Review monthly periodical and other translations. Other famous work include A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792), and the uncompleted The Wrongs of Woman; or Maria

Effectiveness of a Direct Adaptive Control Algorithm

Effectiveness of a Direct Adaptive Control Algorithm In this research, the authors study the effectiveness of applying a direct adaptive control algorithm for both vibration suppression and damage detection. Combining vibration suppression and damage detection in civil engineering structures allows the implementation of a more effective control system since the model reference represents more accurately the real structure. The adaptive algorithm chosen in this study is the sliding mode and model reference control algorithm, with an online identification procedure based on tracking error. In order to test the effectiveness of the method, a numerical investigation is presented, performed to a MDOF shear building. The study successfully uses the adaptive control algorithm to damage detection and vibration suppression of the MDOF shear-type structure aforementioned. The study first presents the governing relations of a general structural system, such as the equations of motion and its state space representation. Then, it presents the control canonical forms and the transformations that are useful to the application of the model reference adaptive control. These canonical form allow the separation from assignable dynamics and internal dynamics that are not affected from control input, and are applicable to both SISO and MIMO cases. It shows that a correct selection of a reduced measure of the state variables can guarantee exact output reference tracking. After this, the control strategy via sliding mode control and model reference control are presented. The reference model is defined in a way that the system response approaches or tracks the desired reference response. The slide mode control objective is to make the output to track a desired behavior, which means that the output error zero. This goal is achieved by sliding along a line, defined b y a weighting parameter that defines the convergence rate. The control law is therefore defined in a way that the states in canonical form match the sliding line. In this study, the online identification procedure is based on the asymptotic convergence to zero of the tracking errors and the stability of the method is proved by showing asymptotic stability convergence based on Lyapunov function. The numerical investigation performed in a 3DOF shear type structure. The reference model and the actual model differ in damping ratio values. Not much detail is given regarding the tools used during the numerical investigation. In the numerical investigation it is evaluated the performance of collocated and noncollocated control cases. It is concluded that the model reference control is accurate in the output tracking and is successful in suppressing the excessive vibrations, and is effective in the identification of changes in the model, showing it can deal with changes in the plant due to damage. The numerical stability of the method is verified, and the on-line identification effectiveness is evaluated. It is concluded that large control efforts are required during abrupt changes in the plant parameters. The results are not compared to any other adaptive algorithm, so it is difficult to measure its effectiveness. The research is important in the sense that brings the concept of adaptive control by applying model reference adaptive algorithm with sliding mode control to civil engineering structures. It confirms the effectiveness of the method in tracking the system parameters, even after abrupt changes happen, and it is successful in controlling the response while remaining numerical stable. However, that are some weaknesses in this paper, such as: the loading type/duration/scheme applied to the structure is not presented. Therefore, the results of the research are difficult to be reproduced in order to expand the knowledge in the area. The results obtained by this algorithm implementation are not compared to others non-adaptive and adaptive methods. Consequently, it is difficult to assess the extent of the effectiveness of the method. The model reference adaptive control and the sliding mode control theoretical aspect is somehow confusing and lacking completeness, with too many direct citatio ns that introduce a fragmentation in the text.

Microsoft: The Best in the Business Essay -- Computers Software Techno

Microsoft: The Best in the Business As humans evolved over thousands of years, we continue to develop tools and technologies that help us thrive. Without the ability to try new ideas that can and do lead to new technologies, our existence would have dwindled long ago. The minute new technologies are discovered and incorporated into the lives of the general public, people are already attempting to improve them. For example, scientists took the wheel and combined it with a open-top container, producing the cart. Add an engine and a car is invented, then add a radio, AC, and leather seats and, voila, the modern car is formed. Most companies that create a product that effectively join two technologies are given high approval ratings from society in the form of sales. However, in our newest field of technology, computers, some companies have reputations of being "evil" and "unethical" for combining two or more computer technologies. These companies have been creating and buying software that makes their product easier to use by the average user. This seems like a good and ethical business practice, but many feel that companies that are doing this, like Microsoft, are unfairly combining a separate software technology with their original product, which practically forces the average user to use it. Is it wrong for Microsoft to make software that combines two or more different software technologies that either forces or highly suggests to its customers, who are often times computer illiterate, to use the combined piece of software over another? What if Microsoft's goal is to help consumers with complicated computing: what about their practices are unethical or wrong? Could the method of morphing technologies be an unethical proc... ... May 10th 2001 <http://home.att.net/~wbazzini/MS-Ethics.html> IEEE-CS/ACM "Software Engineering code of ethics and professional practice" Posted 1999 <http://www.computer.org/tab/seprof/code.htm> Adam D. Thierer Heritage Foundadion "The Department of Justice's Unjustifiable Inquisition of Microsoft" Posted November 12, 1997 <http://www.heritage.org/library/categories/regulation/fyi162.html> The Ayn Rand Institute "The Microsoft Defense Site" Posted October 26 1998 <http://microsoft.aynrand.org/> 2) 6)Ralph Nader and James Love, le Monde Diplomatique "What to do about Microsoft" November 1997 <http://mondediplo.com/1997/11/nader.html> 1) Microsoft Corp. "What we do" January 29 2002 <http://www.microsoft.com/mscorp/> 4) Dell Corp. "Mission Statement" 1999-2002 <http://www.dell.com/us/en/gen/corporate/vision_mission.htm>

Prison and County Correctional Faculties Overcrowding Essay

The subject of prison overcrowding has been an issue for many years. It is not just the prisons that are overcrowded but also the county correctional facilities. In the U.S.A. today 1 in nearly 100 Americans are currently incarcerated (â€Å"Alec†, 2014). The reasons that the numbers are so high are due to the many different laws and strategies that have been put into place to try and stop crime. Laws such as â€Å"The three strikes law† that California implemented calls for mandatory sentencing for repeat offenders and New York’s â€Å"Broken window† stagey that calls for all crimes big or small to be prosecuted. These are good in theory but can also cause the prison system to be over loaded with offenders. In an effort to provide an example of overcrowding I chose the state of Tennessee to look at their inmate numbers and how the lack of space causes the overcrowding. There are 14 prisons in the state of Tennessee, 11 of them are run by the Department of Corrections and three are run by private companies. Each facility is up to 90% capacity and currently there are 20,476 people incarcerated in Tennessee prisons (â€Å"Alec†, 2014). There are 759 correction officer employed though out these prisons, and as you can see by the number there is an abundance of inmates compared to the amount of officers able to patrol this beat. In looking at the statistics one must not just look at current offenders that are serving time, also the offenders that are out on parole and probation. In the state of Tennessee alone there are 13,546 people on parole and 57,234 people on probation (â€Å"Alec†, 2014). There are only 759 officers for all these offenders. This number is where a lot of the influx of inmates comes from. The offenders that become inmates are not just due to fresh crimes. They are more often than not offenders that have reoffended or violated probation or parole. It is not just the prison facilities that are overcrowded; it is also the county corrections facilities or otherwise known as the county jails. As a former corrections officer I saw the overcrowding first hand, in  a jail that was made to house 180 inmates, there are currently to date 279 people taking up space in this jail. There is a small population of inmates with in this facility that are awaiting a bed in prison, so they are stayi ng in the county jails due to the fact they cannot move on to the prison system. They are serving TDOC time with the county; due to this jail being overcrowded they will often ask other jails that are within a certain radius to take inmates for safe keeping. This then transfers the inmate from one county jail to another, causing overcrowding for them. It is just they are less over crowded then the jail asking for the move. As discussed earlier, the new laws enacted and strategies put into place are done to prevent offenders from continuing to offend. It is used almost as a scare tactic; however most offenders that have more than one offense on their record are not unfamiliar with jail and trouble. They have more than likely been in and out of correctional facilities since they were young. I think for a slim few these laws and strategies are effective. I also feel that there are not enough programs to rehabilitate offenders; if the idea is to keep these people out of jail then society has to help them become a respectable part of it. In order for these programs to work research shows they much include; academic education, vocational education, moral recognition therapy, reasoning and rehabilitation, cognitive restructuring, cognitive behavioral treatment for sex offenders, behavioral treatment for sex offenders, surgical treatment for sex offenders, multi-system therapy, drug courts, drug treatment in the community they live, incarceration based drug treatment (â€Å"Analyzing the Effectiveness of Rehabilitation,† 2009). There must be a curriculum to these programs; the effort put forth to succeed must be done by the offender. There are many people in the prison system that with the correct amount of reconditioning can become law abiding citizens. One such program in the state of Tennessee is called Tennessee Reentry Collaborative, this program that was established in 2004 and works directly with The Tennessee Department of Corrections. Through the establishment of this program, smaller programs were formed that are local to all surrounding prisons and county jails. This program works closely with The Department of Homeland Security, Department of Children Services, Department of Veteran Affairs and many other agencies with in the state. These programs work together to establish regulations and rules that the programs must follow  (â€Å"Tennessee Department Of Corrections†, 2014). Another program that is located in Tennessee is called â€Å"Take One. This program enables the community to take control of the rehabilitation of offenders. The program Take One main purpose to the have individual organizations agree to mentor just one returning offender and his/her family for a period of one year. The offender is given an assessment and after they are classified the organization that chooses to help them with their rehabilitation begins to meet with the offender. This is usually about one year prior to release. Unlike some offenders, there are many that once their time is served they have no obligation to see a parole or probation officer. So once back in to society they have no guidance. This program helps keep them on track and continuing to get them the help they need to keep on the right path (â€Å"Tennessee Department Of Corrections†, 2014). References ALEC. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.alec.org/initiatives/prison-overcrowding/prison-overcrowding-tennessee/ Analyzing the Effectiveness of Rehabilitation. (2009, May). , (), . Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.uri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1160&context=srhonorsprogTennessee Department of Corrections. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.tn.gov/correction/rehabilitative/trec.html